Final Essay……and……Final Post

Final Essay

Text Book #14

Pg 710 (1,2,4)

1. Define:

Propaganda: Ideas, facts, or rumors spread deliberately to further one’s cause or to damage an opposing cause.

War of attrition: Slow wearing-down manner of warefare in which each side tries to outlast the other.

Contraband: War materials supplied by a neutral nations to a belligerent one.

Atrocities: Brutal crimes  war oftencommited against civilians.

2. Identify:

Central Powers: Germany, Austria-Hungary, Bulgaria, and the Ottoman Empire.

Allied Powers: Great Britain, France, and Russia.

U-boats: Caused extensive losses to allied shipping. The germans were the first ntion to effectively use submarines in naval warfare.

Woodrow Wilson: The U.S. President during the time of World War I.  He’s the one who warned Germany that the U.S. would not tolerate another attack.

Arthur Zimmermann: A German official in the foreign ministry. He sent a secret telegram to the German ambassador in Mexico proposing and alliance between Germany and Mexico and offering to get a few U.S. states back if they fought with Germany.

4. Maind Idea:

a. How did new technology change the way the war was fought? Technology changed how the war was fought because it gave new advancements, and strong military force. One of the technology wuold be the U-boat.

b. What principles were proclaimed by the United States for declaring war? Some of the principles would be that the germans using their U-boats kept sinking their boats. Another principle would be when Arthur Zimmermann send the hidden message to mexico.

Text Book #13

Pg 769 (3)

3. Main Idea

a. What were some of the factors that led to the fall of the Qing Dynasty?
 Some of the factors would be the Boxers Rebellion and nationalism. 

b. How Did the Nationalist movement grow and change under the leadership of Chiang Kai-shek?
The nationalist movement allowed the army to grow and become even stronger. Right after the Northern Expedition, China got some certain lands. From here on out China became a Nationalist government.

c. What factors led to rise of communism in china?
The factors that led china to rise into a communist were a group of Chinese intellectuals. They founded the Chinese Communist Party that was inspired by the eaxample of the Russian Revolution and the ideas of Marx and Lenin.

Text Book #12

Pg 416 (4)

4. Main Idea:

What changes did the growth of cities bring to china?
The growth of cities brought to china were when the Chinese were trading within the borders. They traded goods such as tea and silk by caravan to central Asia and Russia. The city were expanding but some people wanted to remain in the countries side and continued to grow crops that were brought in by trade such as sweet potatoes,peanuts and tobacco.

What attitudes might chinese rulers have had towards foreigners during the period of the Ming and Qing dynasties?
The chineses rulers didn’t want any interaction with the foreigners. They wanted to conserve their culture and wanted no part of foreigne influence.

Pg 421 (2)

2. Identify:

Opium War: From 1839 to 1842 a War between China and Britian.  What caused this was when the British government did not respond to China’s demands and the Chinese tried to stop the opium trade.

Treaty of Nanjing: In 1842, China gave Hong Kong to the British and opened 5 ports to british trade in which the goods were low tariff.

Taiping Rebellion: From 1850 to 1864 caused terrible destruction in Southern China. These rebellions seriously weakened the Quing Dynasty and the nation as a whole, and let westerners to come in because of the problems going on.

Text Book #11

Pg 681 (1,3)

1. Identify:

Meiji Restoration: Change when a group of samurai overthrow the Tokugawa shogunate and restored the emperor to power.

Diet: Japan’s two-house national legislature.

Sino-Japanese War: War between China and Japan over Korea in 1894, resulting in a Japanese victory.

Treaty of Shimonoseki: 1895 treaty forced China to recgonize independence of Korea and make concessions to Japan.

Mongkut:  A king who ascended to power in 1851 and was paraticularly good at such diplomacy. He studied Western ideas to understandhis enemies and help modernize his country

Liliuokalani: Hawaii’s Queen who didn’t want foreigners to control Hawaii. She tried to change the treaty that allowed them to stay.

Emilio Aguinaldo: Led the Filipinos in a fight for indeoendence.

3 Finding the Main Idea:

a. How did British rule affect India?
The British system of education did have a powerful impact. The classes were mostly taught in English. The students mostly learned about Western ideas that were based on democracy and socialism.

b. Why were the Japanese able to form and industrialize their nation so quickly?
The western countries had huge impacts. The government bought new factory machinery from them and passes laws to encourage private citizens to start businesses. In order for them to learn more and bring ideas, they were sent to western schools and learn from them.

c. How did United States expansion in Hawaii differ from its expansion in the Philippine?
In Hawaii the united States didnt have to go to war to conquer the Hawaiians. They went and started huge sugarcane and pineapple plantations. A few years later they over threw the queen and the United States took over. In philippines it was different. Spain and the United States went to war in the Philippines. Some of the Philippines didnt want to be ruled by foreigners so they used the guerrilla warefare against the United States and went to war for 3 hard years but the United states defeated the Phiippines.

Text Book #10

Pg 558 (1)

1. Define:

Capitalism- Economic system in which individuals, rather than governments, control the factors of production.

Commercial capitalism- Early economics system that in which most capitalists were merchants who bought and sold goods.

Interchangeable parts- Identical parts that can replace each other. 

Mass production- System of producing large numbers of identical items.

Corporations- Business that allow people to buy stock in the company.

Monopoly- Complete control of the production or sale of a single good or serving by  a single firm.

Cartels- Corporate combinations that control entire industries.

Business cycle- Alternating periods of prosperity and decline.

Depression- Period in which the decreased demand of goods causes the entire economy to sink.

 

563 (1,2)

1. Define:

Free enterprise- Without mercantilism regulations and laws, economic forces work automatically and naturally.

Laissez faire- In English, this means “leave things alone.”

Humanitarians- People who work and improve the conditions of others

Utilitarianism- If it led to “the greatest happiness of the greatest number”of people that the law was useful.

Strike- A large group of workers decides to stop working and refuse to work.

Unions- Associations of workers that combine forces and demands of different workers.  They’d collect dues from members and used the money to pay workers if they went on strike.

Collective bargaining-Agreements that were written into contracts lasting for a fixed period of time.

2. Identify:

Adam Smith- Published a book, Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nation, ans stated the creation of wealth, noting the importance of manufacturing as well as agriculture.

Thomas Malthus-  Anglican clergyman who became a professor and wrote “An Essay on the Prinicple of Population”.

David Ricardo- A British economist that wrote that working class poverty is inevitable in “Principles of Political Economy and Taxation”

Charles Dickens- An english writer. Wrote novels to attack greedy employers.

Jeremy Bentham- A philosopher that put forth the theory of utilitarianism.

John Stuart Mill- English philosopher that believed that the government should work for the good of all its citizens.

Text Book #9

Pg 550 (1,2)

1. Define:

Enclosure movement- Practice of fencing or enclosing common lands into individual holdings.

Crop rotation- The practice of alternating crops of different kinds to preserve soil fertility.

Industrial Revolution- Term for changes beginning in the 1700s, when powerdriven machines began to do much of the work that people had done before.

Factors of production- Basic resources for industrialization, such as necessary land, capital, and labor.

Mechanization- Use of automatic machinery to increase production.

Factory system- Production of goods in a factory through the use of machines and a large number of workers.

Vulcanization- Process of treating rubber to make it more useful.

2. Identify:

Jethro Tull- Landowner who was concerned about the amount of seed wasted by hand-scattering it over the fields. He invited a seed drill that made it possible to plant seeds in straight rows. he also invented a horse-drawn hoe to dig up weeds between the rows and break up soil before planting.

 

Richard Arkwright- Invented a way to drive the spinning “jenny” by waterpower. 

 

Eli Whitney- Invented the cotton gin, the cleaned much more cotton in a day than hand laborers could.

 

James Watt- He studied and improved Newcomen’s machine. He also patented the steam modern steam engine.

 

Henry Bessemer- Developed the Bessemer process- a cheaper and more efficient method of making steel.

 

Robert Fulton- Was the first to build a profitable steamboat. his boat, the Clermont, began regular trips on the Hudson River between New York and Albany.

 

Samuel Morse- Sent an electric current through a wire, causing a machine at the other end to click. By 1838, it had a system of dots and dashes.

 

Text Book #8

Page 636 (2,4)

2. Identify:

Carbonari- Secret society of Italian nationalist in the early 1800s.

Giuseppe Mazzini- One of the most famous carbonari. He called for all Italian patriots to join the Young Italy movement.

Young Italy movement- Group of Italian patriots dedicated to spreading ideas of nationalism.

King Victor Emmanuel II- The Italian’s wanted him to rule as a constitutional monarchy. He wasn’t sympathetic to the liberals and wanted to expanded Sardinia’s territory

Camillo Benso di Cavour- The chief minster of King Victor Emmanuel II. Was a republican and an italian Patriot.

Napoleon III- Wanted to increase the french influence. He thought that if the Austrians were driven out of Italy, France might be able to dominate the Italian states.

Giuseppe Garibaldi- Was devoted to Italian freedom and led the way. Recruited and army of more than 1000 soldiers. He invaded Sicily and captured it.

4. a) What two english events led to new nationalist movements for unification in italy? In 1859 Italy had a war with the Austrians and was allied by France. And in 1813 the patriots joined the young Italy’s Movement and spreaded the ideas of Risorgimento which was to revive interest in Italy’s traditions.

b) Who were the important leaders in the fight for Italian unification? Giuseppe Mazzini, King Victor Emmanuel II, Camillo Benso diCavour, Napoleon III and Giuseppe Garibaldi were the important leaders in the fight.

c) Why did the kingdom of Sardinia take the lead in Italian unification? Cavour strengthened the Sardinian army. He helped them establish banks, factories, and railroads. He also improve the trading with other countries.

Pg 642 (4)

4. a) How did Prussia replace Austria as the leading German state in Europe? the Danish war, and the Seven weeks’ war replace the Austria.

b) Contrast the ways in which German unification differed from Italian unification. German unification had both Prussia and Austria against them while italy had only one state. The German unification resulted into an Empire while Italy didn’t.

c) After unification, what was the makeup of the German government? The government had one Emperor, and one Chief Minister. The Legislative Branch had two houses which were the Bundesrat (upper house) and the Bundestag (lower house).

Simon Bolivar’s quote

“We have achieved our independence at the expense of everything else.” 

       I think that this quote is saying that they were succesfull in getting their freedom but it cost everything they had. He wanted to have a Gran Colombia which was all the people in the land Columbus discovered living together. Even though this didn’t work out, each country got its own independence. The struggle for freedom wasn’t easy but everything does have a price and they payed it.

Text Book #7

Pg. 528 (1,2)

1. Define:

• Plebiscite: Procedure used to submit the constitution of a new government to the people for a yes-or-no vote.
• Nationalism: Love of one’s country rather than of one’s native region.
• Scorched-earth policy: Tactic of burning or destroying crops and anything else of value to an invading army.

2. Identify:

• Napoleonic Code: System of French law under Napoleaon’s direction.
• Concordat: Agreement between Napolean and the pope recognizing Catholicism as the religion of most French citizens.
• Noratio Nelson: A Vice Admiral who led a Brisitish fleet who defeated a combined  French and Spanish fleet off the coast of Spain.
• Duke of Wellington: Led an army to help the Spanish and Portuguese people rise against the French.